To synthesise liquid hydrocarbon fuels from hydrocarbon gases requires the additional use of energy, water and oxygen, which can be extracted from the air. That means they are not liquids, which means they cannot easily be used to produce liquid vehicle fuels, without re-forming or reforming the gases to make synthetic molecules with higher boiling points, so liquid. What’s wrong with this picture ? Well, to start with, methane and ethane are gases. There is a global industry developing around new supplies of ethane, for example, the fabrication of polymers – all the plastics we use. Most of the methane can easily be transposed into applications that would use Natural Gas, and some of the ethane, too but what to do with the rest. The heavy stream will be used for making diesel, air fuel and other distillates, gas oils and bunker fuels.Īs the light oils get lighter, there will be more light hydrocarbons to deal with. The two general streams of oils will need to be treated in different ways in refinery, and their eventual target products will also be different : lighter oils and gases will be used for blending into petrol-gasoline and for supplying the gas industry – where lighter hydrocarbons are either incorporated into Natural Gas supplies, such as the LNG supply chain or bottled into cannisters for various applications, such as LPG fuel, propane fuel and so on. The third trend will be the increasing amount of sulfur compounds in some of the lighter oil stream and most of the heavy oil flow. The second trend will be where unconventional heavy oils, and older, depleting conventional heavy oils will continue to be produced, despite overly-heavy longer-carbon-chain hydrocarbons being the majority of the crude material, and there being a great burden from sulfur compounds – some very complex – and therefore in a liquid, rather than a gas, state. Three trends are likely to continue in the chemistry of crude petroleum oil : where oils and their associated Natural Gas Liquids are being sourced from unconventional tight or shale formations, or from good quality newly-discovered conventional petroleum systems, the chemistry will be light, with valuable shorter-carbon-chain hydrocarbons – although there may be a high level of gaseous sulfur compounds incorporated in what’s extracted at the pumps in the field. It would be a transition happening on a number of fronts, as a result of a range of stressors. So what would the implementation of Renewable Gas look like for a company like BP ? The Fossil Oil and Gas Producers (Continued) In Eqs. ( 4) and ( 5), n is the number extracted from the collision events plot and d is the target thickness (0.5 cm).11. In the case of an average damage rate, Eq. ( 4) was used: 1a) were processed with various equations. Therefore, data from the collision events output plot (see Fig. In this work, calculations are based on the formalism introduced in . SRIM offers a wide range of routes to obtain dpa values. Numerical results of the simulations served to calculate average and peak damage rates \(\) (dpa/s) with time (365 days).
Tecdoc hbs free#
The minor contribution of neutrons is a material-specific phenomenon due to their high mean free path length in tantalum. The simulations performed distinctly identify the rear of the neutron target as the most vulnerable area, with the protons as main damage contributors. The Monte Carlo codes FLUKA and SRIM were utilized to extract the number of displacements per atom resulting from atomic rearrangements. In the framework of the Jülich High-Brilliance neutron Source project, the impact of proton- and neutron-induced material damage of a tantalum target was investigated. An efficient construction of CANS with a maximized neutron yield and brilliance requires reliable knowledge of the consequences of radiation-induced material damage, the predominating bottleneck of a target’s lifetime. Beams of free neutrons are an important probe to analyze the structure and dynamics of condensed matter and are produced at neutron research reactors, neutron spallation sources or compact accelerator-based neutron sources (CANS).